Schein (1973) extended the study of sex-role stereotypes into the domain of management. She asked male managers to use a 92-item list of adjectives to describe three groups: men in general, women in general, and successful managers. The male managers tended to describe successful managers in masculine terms. These results were confirmed in a study with female managers, who similarly described successful middle managers using masculine adjectives (Schein, 1975). Thus, to the survey participants, being a manager meant being masculine in terms of stereotypical behaviors.