The modeling of the EV has been done in MATLAB/ Simulink. The driver block makes a torque request which propagates through various powertrain system component and realizes vehicle motion. System-level simulators have been modeled by using empirical data that are based on measurements supplied by component manufacturers or extended from measurements obtained from literature sources. These are modeled in Simulink as look-up tables. Other component models are physical or analytical in nature and are modeled by
mathematical equations [18]. The EV model weighs about 1325 kg inclusive of battery. The vehicle has a frontal area of 2.57 m2, with a drag coefficient of 0.3 and rolling resistance of 0.00268 Ω. The values assigned are based on a rough estimate of a mid-sized car. The electric
motor chosen is a BLDC motor with a peak power of 40 kW. The battery pack is a Li-Ion battery. It has a nominal voltage of 72 V, with energy content of 1.2 kWh and weight around 20 kg.