The purpose of Study 4 is threefold. First, we aim to further
the generalizability of our results and investigate the
self-referential effect of empathy in another decision-making
context (i.e., celebrity endorsement). Second, in Studies 1-
3, managers indicated their personal preferences before predicting
consumer preferences, but we do not yet know
whether the results presented thus far are robust against
order effects. In Study 4, we therefore randomized the order
in which managers indicated personal preferences and predicted
consumer preferences. Third, we test whether managers
are capable of suppressing their private consumer
identity in the process of perspective taking, thereby avoiding
self-referential predictions