Measures for Psychological Well-Being
Self-Esteem
Self-esteem was measured using seven items from the Rosenberg self-esteem scale
(Rosenberg, 1989). The answers to these questions were reported on a 5-point Likert
scale and exhibited high reliability (see Table 4).
Satisfaction with Life at MSU
The scale of satisfaction with life at MSU was adapted from the Satisfaction with Life
Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Suh, & Oishi, 1997; Pavot & Diener, 1993), a five-item
instrument designed to measure global cognitive judgments of one’s life.