working independently. The following details of studies were extracted from each trial: year and journal of publication; patient population (cancer type, stage, and treatment intent, as well as demographic information); details of the intervention and the comparison, number of patients randomly assigned to each group and attrition; outcome data on mortality, weight, energy intake, and QOL. Data were extracted from all included studies by both reviewers independently. When information on study design, quality, or data was unclear, authors were contacted for additional information. The primary outcome measures were mortality and QOL. Secondary outcome measures were change in weight and energy intake.