In addition to estrogens and potentially glucocorticoids, there
are a variety of other potential modulators of aromatase expression
in both the brain and gonads. Neurons immunoreactive for tyrosine
hydroxylase are found in very close proximity to aromatase positive
glia in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus in bluehead wrasses
[53]. Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine
synthesis and dopaminergic influences on neural aromatase activity
are very important in other systems (e.g., [1]). Interestingly,
tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons express estrogen receptor
alpha in at least rainbow trout [50]. While all three types of estrogen
receptors found in teleost fishes are expressed in the preoptic
area in another teleost, the Atlantic croaker [33], neural estrogen
receptor distributions and abundance have not yet been examined
for any sex-changing species. Several groups are developing tools
to undertake these studies (e.g., [37]) and progress is likely over the
next several years.
In addition to estrogens and potentially glucocorticoids, thereare a variety of other potential modulators of aromatase expressionin both the brain and gonads. Neurons immunoreactive for tyrosinehydroxylase are found in very close proximity to aromatase positiveglia in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus in bluehead wrasses[53]. Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in dopaminesynthesis and dopaminergic influences on neural aromatase activityare very important in other systems (e.g., [1]). Interestingly,tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons express estrogen receptoralpha in at least rainbow trout [50]. While all three types of estrogenreceptors found in teleost fishes are expressed in the preopticarea in another teleost, the Atlantic croaker [33], neural estrogenreceptor distributions and abundance have not yet been examinedfor any sex-changing species. Several groups are developing toolsto undertake these studies (e.g., [37]) and progress is likely over thenext several years.
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