What can organizations do, then, to better align the goals of decision makers with the
goals of the overall organization? To a large extent, this issue is one of the unsolved problems
in control system design. An extended discussion of these issues is presented in Chapter 19.
Within the context of capital budgeting, Economic Value Added (EVA® ) As will be discussed more fully in Chapter 19, Economic Value Added (EVA ) is a financial performance indicator that includes a charge for use of invested capital. That is, economic profitability is not indicated until the organization generates sufficient cash flow to cover all expenses, including an imputed charge for capital invested in the business. As such, both NPV and EVA® assume that shareholder value is created only when projects recover their capital costs. Thus, the use of EVA ®for evaluation of financial performance is one way to avoid the behavioral conflict noted above.