nating such internal functions as finance, marketing, operations/production,
and personnel. Top managers therefore devoted most of their time to policy
making, an activity intended to ensure coordination inside an organization.
Long-range planning, to the extent that it was carried out at all, was based on
the assumption that the future would resemble or even represent a mere continuation
of the present or past.
In the early 1950s, organizations began to diversify into new businesses,
expanding their range of products and services. They served increasingly diverse
customers and increased the geographical scope of their operations into other
countries and cultures. It soon became apparent that policies suited for a
single-product organization were not necessarily well-suited to a diversified
corporation that operated simultaneously in different industries, faced a range
of contrasting environmental factors, dealt with diverse and more demanding
customers, and handled multiple product lines. Nor were policies appropriate
to firms limited to domestic U.S. operations necessarily appropriate to a company
operating in several nations with varying laws, social customs, and economic
climates. Simple policy-making proved inadequate for coordinating
functions and activities across a corporate portfolio of businesses. Long-range
planning based on an assumption of environmental stability likewise proved
inadequate for dealing with an increasingly dynamic external environment where
the uncertain future was often nothing like the present or past. At this point,
strategic business planning emerged as a way of coping with increasing environmental
and organizational complexity.Top managers discarded older notions
of planning and policy-making in favor of a strategic view.
The word strategy means “general” in Greek and, in a military sense, is
linked to the planning of battles and military campaigns. It differs from tactics,
which refers to more limited planning to achieve immediate objectives. Though
people continue to argue about the meaning of “strategy” in a business setting,
most would probably agree that it has to do with long-term, large-scale plans
for future-oriented, competitive success. Strategic issues are mostly the concern
of top managers. These issues involve allocation of organizational resources.
They exert significant influence on the organization’s success or survival; they
nating such internal functions as finance, marketing, operations/production,and personnel. Top managers therefore devoted most of their time to policymaking, an activity intended to ensure coordination inside an organization.Long-range planning, to the extent that it was carried out at all, was based onthe assumption that the future would resemble or even represent a mere continuationof the present or past.In the early 1950s, organizations began to diversify into new businesses,expanding their range of products and services. They served increasingly diversecustomers and increased the geographical scope of their operations into othercountries and cultures. It soon became apparent that policies suited for asingle-product organization were not necessarily well-suited to a diversifiedcorporation that operated simultaneously in different industries, faced a rangeof contrasting environmental factors, dealt with diverse and more demandingcustomers, and handled multiple product lines. Nor were policies appropriateto firms limited to domestic U.S. operations necessarily appropriate to a companyoperating in several nations with varying laws, social customs, and economicclimates. Simple policy-making proved inadequate for coordinatingfunctions and activities across a corporate portfolio of businesses. Long-rangeplanning based on an assumption of environmental stability likewise provedinadequate for dealing with an increasingly dynamic external environment wherethe uncertain future was often nothing like the present or past. At this point,strategic business planning emerged as a way of coping with increasing environmentaland organizational complexity.Top managers discarded older notionsof planning and policy-making in favor of a strategic view.The word strategy means “general” in Greek and, in a military sense, islinked to the planning of battles and military campaigns. It differs from tactics,which refers to more limited planning to achieve immediate objectives. Thoughpeople continue to argue about the meaning of “strategy” in a business setting,most would probably agree that it has to do with long-term, large-scale plansfor future-oriented, competitive success. Strategic issues are mostly the concernof top managers. These issues involve allocation of organizational resources.They exert significant influence on the organization’s success or survival; they
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..