A subsequent study by Shadbegian (1999) examines financial data aggregated to the county level that include all local government units in 2,955 US counties. The study find that TELs lead to reductions in per capita local taxes and increases in per capita nontax general revenue, but the substitution effect is not dollar for dollar. Interestingly, this substitution effect only occurs in local governments facing less stringent TELs (where local property taxes are not restricted to 5 percent growth or less) and not in those facing more stringent TELs (where local property taxes are restricted to 5 percent growth or less), which suggests that more stringent TELs reduce more own-source revenue than less stringent TELs.