Of the individual-level factors, lack of employment, lack of exercise, and lack of participation in community activities among the elderly were associated with a greater likelihood of being homebound. These findings are in agreement with those of prior studies (Shinkai et al., 2005c; Yokoyama et al., 2005; Yokokawa et al., 2009). Thus, homebound prevention strategies should target these individual-level factors to encourage the elderly to go outside their homes.