Sample pre-treatment is the first and pos- sibly the most important step in analysis. Both isolation of analytes from the matrix and their pre-concentration are important aspects of this process. Also, it is necessary to clean up samples of difficult matrices.
Classical sample pre-treatment tech- niques [e.g., liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE)] are slow and labor intensive. Often extensive amounts of hazardous organic solvents are used and sample volumes can be greater than 1 L. The main disadvantage of LLE in ultra-trace analysis is the necessity of using large amounts of very clean solvents and their subsequent evaporation is an inevitable step in obtaining significant pre- concentration. Thus, this technique is both expensive and environmentally unfriendly.
In this context, SPE seems to be better, as smaller amounts of organic solvents are usually used. However, SPE cartridges are used once only in ultra-trace analysis; not only is that expensive but it also generates a great deal of waste. After use, SPE car- tridges are sent to dumping grounds or, in certain cases, waste-incineration plants. Both these methods are not environmen- tally friendly.
Sample pre-treatment is the first and pos- sibly the most important step in analysis. Both isolation of analytes from the matrix and their pre-concentration are important aspects of this process. Also, it is necessary to clean up samples of difficult matrices.
Classical sample pre-treatment tech- niques [e.g., liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE)] are slow and labor intensive. Often extensive amounts of hazardous organic solvents are used and sample volumes can be greater than 1 L. The main disadvantage of LLE in ultra-trace analysis is the necessity of using large amounts of very clean solvents and their subsequent evaporation is an inevitable step in obtaining significant pre- concentration. Thus, this technique is both expensive and environmentally unfriendly.
In this context, SPE seems to be better, as smaller amounts of organic solvents are usually used. However, SPE cartridges are used once only in ultra-trace analysis; not only is that expensive but it also generates a great deal of waste. After use, SPE car- tridges are sent to dumping grounds or, in certain cases, waste-incineration plants. Both these methods are not environmen- tally friendly.
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