There is substantial evidence to show that extra support provided by universities does have a significant
effect on student performance and retention. Sharon Beder (1997) proposes three options available to
universities. The first of these is Orientation Courses, often used in the US, which are designed to
better prepare students for their university experience, “instilling a sense of membership in the
academic community.” Some institutions offer voluntary or compulsory Introductory Courses, which
take place throughout the year. These aim to improve social and academic integration, educate students
about the support available to them, and teach them organisation and study skills. Thirdly, Mentoring
and Peer-Tutoring programs are used to offer support and guidance on a one-to-one basis. A further
possibility suggested in the research (Arendale, 1995) is providing additional teaching (or
Supplemental Instruction, SI) for those who want or need it.