Results suggests that participation in irrigation co-management has a positive impact on net annual
agricultural income per household. The three matching estimators provide consistent results across
the different estimation methods. Net annual agricultural income per household from the PSM analysis
is robust to the effect of unobservables up to a Gamma value of 2.6. This implies that unobserved
covariates would have to differ by a factor of 2.6 (160%) to render our results spurious.5 Overall, the
ESR results, using kernel matching on the full sample, indicate that participants in the irrigation scheme
earned participants on average, a net agricultural income of MK 70,841 (US$422) per annum above
what they could have earned if they did not participate in BVIS at level of significance. This represents
a 207% increase in net annual agricultural income