By the 1920s, English was entrenched. Magazines such as Philippine Magazine (1904 – 41) and the Philippine Free Press (1908 – 72) had been established, and young writers were flocking to organizations like the UP Writers’ Club (founded in 1927), the Philippine Book Guild (1936 – 40), and the Philippine Writers’ League (1939 – 41). But this privileging of English slowed down the development of literature in the Philippine languages, including Tagalog, and alienated writers in English from the popular culture (Mojares 1983, 349