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Home Nursing Care Plans
6 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans
Nursing Care PlansJul 14, 2013 0 62960
Diabetes mellitus Nursing Care Plans
1kShare on Facebook382Twitter353914713532
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic diseases characterized by insufficient production of insulin in the pancreas or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This leads to an increased concentration of glucose in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia). It is characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
Types
Diabetes mellitus occurs in four forms classified by etiology: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes mellitus, and other specific types. Here’s a breakdown of the types:
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the lack of insulin production. It is formerly known as insulin-dependent or childhood-onset diabetes. Type 1 is further subdivided into immune-mediated diabetes and idiopathic diabetes. Children and adolescents with type 1 immune-mediated diabetes rapidly develop ketoacidosis, but most adults with this type experience only modest fasting hyperglycemia unless they develop and infection as another stressor. Patients with type 1 idiopathic diabetes are prone to ketoacidosis.
Type 2 diabetes is caused by the body’s ineffective use of insulin. It is previously called non-insulin dependent or adult-onset diabetes. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are obese.
Other specific types category includes people who have diabetes as a result of a genetic defect, endocrinopathies or exposure to certain drugs or chemicals.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs during pregnancy. Glucose tolerance levels usually return to normal after delivery.
Statistics
Diabetes affects 18% of people over the age of 65, and approximately 625,000 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed annually in the general population. Conditions or situations known to exacerbate glucose/insulin imbalance include (1) previously undiagnosed or newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes; (2) food intake in excess of available insulin; (3) adolescence and puberty; (4) exercise in uncontrolled diabetes; and (5) stress associated with illness, infection, trauma, or emotional distress. Type 1 diabetes can be complicated by instability and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is a life-threatening emergency caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin.
Contents [show]
Nursing Care Plans
This post contains 6 diabetes mellitus Nursing Care Plans (NCP)
Nursing Priorities
Restore fluid/electrolyte and acid-base balance.
Correct/reverse metabolic abnormalities.
Identify/assist with management of underlying cause/disease process.
Prevent complications.
Provide information about disease process/prognosis, self-care, and treatment needs.
Discharge Goals
Homeostasis achieved.
Causative/precipitating factors corrected/controlled.
Complications prevented/minimized.
Disease process/prognosis, self-care needs, and therapeutic regimen understood.
Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.
Diagnostic Studies
Serum glucose: Increased 200–1000 mg/dL or more.
Serum acetone (ketones): Strongly positive.
Fatty acids: Lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol level elevated.
Serum osmolality: Elevated but usually less than 330 mOsm/L.
Glucagon: Elevated level is associated with conditions that produce (1) actual hypoglycemia, (2) relative lack of glucose (e.g., trauma, infection), or (3) lack of insulin. Therefore, glucagon may be elevated with severe DKA despite hyperglycemia.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C): Evaluates glucose control during past 8–12 wk with the previous 2 wk most heavily weighted. Useful in differentiating inadequate control versus incident-related DKA (e.g., current upper respiratory infection [URI]). A result greater than 8% represents an average blood glucose of 200 mg/dL and signals a need for changes in treatment.
Serum insulin: May be decreased/absent (type 1) or normal to high (type 2), indicating insulin insufficiency/improper utilization (endogenous/exogenous). Insulin resistance may develop secondary to formation of antibodies.
Electrolytes:
Sodium: May be normal, elevated, or decreased.
Potassium: Normal or falsely elevated (cellular shifts), then markedly decreased.
Phosphorus: Frequently decreased.
Arterial blood gases (ABGs): Usually reflects low pH and decreased HCO3 (metabolic acidosis) with compensatory respiratory alkalosis.
CBC: Hct may be elevated (dehydration); leukocytosis suggest hemoconcentration, response to stress or infection.
BUN: May be normal or elevated (dehydration/decreased renal perfusion).
Serum amylase: May be elevated, indicating acute pancreatitis as cause of DKA.
Thyroid function tests: Increased thyroid activity can increase blood glucose and insulin needs.
Urine: Positive for glucose and ketones; specific gravity and osmolality may be elevated.
Cultures and sensitivities: Possible UTI, respiratory or wound infections.
1. Risk for Infection
Nursing Diagnosis
Risk for Infection
Risk factors may include
High glucose levels, decreased leukocyte function, alterations in circulation
Preexisting respiratory infection, or UTI
Desired Outcomes
Identify interventions to prevent/reduce risk of infection.
Demonstrate techniques, lifestyle changes to prevent development of infection.
Nursing Interventions Rationale
Observe for the signs of infection and inflammation: fever, flushed appearance, wound drainage, purulent sputum, cloudy urine. Patients with DM may be admitted with infection, which could have precipitated the ketoacidotic state. They may also develop nosocomial infection.
Teach and promote good hand hygiene. Reduces risk of cross-contamination.
Maintain asepsis during IV insertion, administration of medications, and providing wound or site care. Rotate IV sites as indicated. Increased glucose in the blood creates an excellent medium for bacteria to thrive.
Provide catheter or perineal care. Teach female patients to clean from front to back after elimination. Minimizes risk of UTI. Comatose patient may be at particular risk if urinary retention occurred before hospitalization. Note: Elderly female diabetic patients are especially prone to urinary tract and/or vaginal yeast infections.
Provide meticulous skin care: gently massage bony areas, keep skin dry. Keep linens dry and wrinkle-free. Peripheral circulation may be ineffective or impaired, placing the patient at increased risk for skin breakdown and infection.
Auscultate breath sounds. Rhonchi may indicate accumulation of secretions possibly related to pneumonia or bronchitis. Crackles may results from pulmonary congestion or edema from rapid fluid replacement or heart failure.
Place in semi-Fowler’s position. Facilitates lung expansion; reduces risk of aspiration.
Reposition and encourage coughing or deep breathing if patient is alert and cooperative. Otherwise, suction airway using sterile technique as needed. Aids in ventilating all lung areas and mobilizing secretions. Prevents stasis of secretions with increased risk of infection.
Provide tissues and trash bag in a convenient location for sputum and other secretions. Instruct patient in proper handling of secretions. To minimizes spread of infection.
Encourage and assist with oral hygiene. Reduces risk of oral/gum disease.
Encourage adequate dietary and fluid intake (approximately 3000 mL/day if not contraindicated by cardiac or renal dysfunction), including 8 oz of cranberry juice per day as appropriate. Decreases susceptibility to infection. Increased urinary flow prevents stasis and aids in maintaining urine pH/acidity, reducing bacteria growth and flushing organisms out of system. Note: Use of cranberry juice can help prevent bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall, reducing the risk of recurrent UTI.
Administer antibiotics as appropriate. Early treatment may help prevent sepsis.
2. Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception
Nursing Diagnosis
Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception
Risk factors may include
Endogenous chemical alteration: glucose/insulin and/or electrolyte imbalance
Desired Outcomes
Maintain usual level of mentation.
Recognize and compensate for existing sensory impairments.
Nursing Interventions Rationale
Monitor vital signs and mental status. To provide baseline from which to compare abnormal findings.
Call the patient by name, reorient as needed to place, person, and time. Give short explanations, speak slowly and enunciate clearly. Decreases confusion and helps maintain contact with reality.
Schedule and cluster nursing time and interventions. To provide uninterrupted rest periods and promote restful sleep, minimize fatigue and improve cognition.
Keep patient’s routine as consistent as possible. Encourage participation in activities of daily living (ADLs) as able. Helps keep patient in touch with reality and maintain orientation to the environment.
Protect patient from injury by avoiding or limiting the use of restraints as necessary when LOC is impaired. Place bed in low position and pad bed rails if patient is prone to seizures. Disoriented patients are prone to injury, especially at night, and precautions need to be taken as indicated. Seizure precautions need to be taken as appropriate to prevent physical injury, aspiration, and falls.
Evaluate visual acuity as indicated. Retinal edema or detachment, hemorrhage, presence of cataracts or temporary paralysis of extraocular muscles may impair vision, requiring corrective the
CLOSE
HOME
NEWS
NOTES
THEORISTS AND THEORIES
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
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PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CHEAT SHEETS
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ALL PRACTICE EXAMS
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NCLEX-PN EXAMS
EXAM TIPS
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MORE
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About Contact Archive Disclaimer Privacy Policy
Nurseslabs - For All Your Nursing Needs
NEWS »
NOTES »
EXAM QUESTIONS »
NCPS »
MORE »
Home Nursing Care Plans
6 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plans
Nursing Care PlansJul 14, 2013 0 62960
Diabetes mellitus Nursing Care Plans
1kShare on Facebook382Twitter353914713532
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic diseases characterized by insufficient production of insulin in the pancreas or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This leads to an increased concentration of glucose in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia). It is characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
Types
Diabetes mellitus occurs in four forms classified by etiology: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes mellitus, and other specific types. Here’s a breakdown of the types:
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the lack of insulin production. It is formerly known as insulin-dependent or childhood-onset diabetes. Type 1 is further subdivided into immune-mediated diabetes and idiopathic diabetes. Children and adolescents with type 1 immune-mediated diabetes rapidly develop ketoacidosis, but most adults with this type experience only modest fasting hyperglycemia unless they develop and infection as another stressor. Patients with type 1 idiopathic diabetes are prone to ketoacidosis.
Type 2 diabetes is caused by the body’s ineffective use of insulin. It is previously called non-insulin dependent or adult-onset diabetes. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are obese.
Other specific types category includes people who have diabetes as a result of a genetic defect, endocrinopathies or exposure to certain drugs or chemicals.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs during pregnancy. Glucose tolerance levels usually return to normal after delivery.
Statistics
Diabetes affects 18% of people over the age of 65, and approximately 625,000 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed annually in the general population. Conditions or situations known to exacerbate glucose/insulin imbalance include (1) previously undiagnosed or newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes; (2) food intake in excess of available insulin; (3) adolescence and puberty; (4) exercise in uncontrolled diabetes; and (5) stress associated with illness, infection, trauma, or emotional distress. Type 1 diabetes can be complicated by instability and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is a life-threatening emergency caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin.
Contents [show]
Nursing Care Plans
This post contains 6 diabetes mellitus Nursing Care Plans (NCP)
Nursing Priorities
Restore fluid/electrolyte and acid-base balance.
Correct/reverse metabolic abnormalities.
Identify/assist with management of underlying cause/disease process.
Prevent complications.
Provide information about disease process/prognosis, self-care, and treatment needs.
Discharge Goals
Homeostasis achieved.
Causative/precipitating factors corrected/controlled.
Complications prevented/minimized.
Disease process/prognosis, self-care needs, and therapeutic regimen understood.
Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.
Diagnostic Studies
Serum glucose: Increased 200–1000 mg/dL or more.
Serum acetone (ketones): Strongly positive.
Fatty acids: Lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol level elevated.
Serum osmolality: Elevated but usually less than 330 mOsm/L.
Glucagon: Elevated level is associated with conditions that produce (1) actual hypoglycemia, (2) relative lack of glucose (e.g., trauma, infection), or (3) lack of insulin. Therefore, glucagon may be elevated with severe DKA despite hyperglycemia.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C): Evaluates glucose control during past 8–12 wk with the previous 2 wk most heavily weighted. Useful in differentiating inadequate control versus incident-related DKA (e.g., current upper respiratory infection [URI]). A result greater than 8% represents an average blood glucose of 200 mg/dL and signals a need for changes in treatment.
Serum insulin: May be decreased/absent (type 1) or normal to high (type 2), indicating insulin insufficiency/improper utilization (endogenous/exogenous). Insulin resistance may develop secondary to formation of antibodies.
Electrolytes:
Sodium: May be normal, elevated, or decreased.
Potassium: Normal or falsely elevated (cellular shifts), then markedly decreased.
Phosphorus: Frequently decreased.
Arterial blood gases (ABGs): Usually reflects low pH and decreased HCO3 (metabolic acidosis) with compensatory respiratory alkalosis.
CBC: Hct may be elevated (dehydration); leukocytosis suggest hemoconcentration, response to stress or infection.
BUN: May be normal or elevated (dehydration/decreased renal perfusion).
Serum amylase: May be elevated, indicating acute pancreatitis as cause of DKA.
Thyroid function tests: Increased thyroid activity can increase blood glucose and insulin needs.
Urine: Positive for glucose and ketones; specific gravity and osmolality may be elevated.
Cultures and sensitivities: Possible UTI, respiratory or wound infections.
1. Risk for Infection
Nursing Diagnosis
Risk for Infection
Risk factors may include
High glucose levels, decreased leukocyte function, alterations in circulation
Preexisting respiratory infection, or UTI
Desired Outcomes
Identify interventions to prevent/reduce risk of infection.
Demonstrate techniques, lifestyle changes to prevent development of infection.
Nursing Interventions Rationale
Observe for the signs of infection and inflammation: fever, flushed appearance, wound drainage, purulent sputum, cloudy urine. Patients with DM may be admitted with infection, which could have precipitated the ketoacidotic state. They may also develop nosocomial infection.
Teach and promote good hand hygiene. Reduces risk of cross-contamination.
Maintain asepsis during IV insertion, administration of medications, and providing wound or site care. Rotate IV sites as indicated. Increased glucose in the blood creates an excellent medium for bacteria to thrive.
Provide catheter or perineal care. Teach female patients to clean from front to back after elimination. Minimizes risk of UTI. Comatose patient may be at particular risk if urinary retention occurred before hospitalization. Note: Elderly female diabetic patients are especially prone to urinary tract and/or vaginal yeast infections.
Provide meticulous skin care: gently massage bony areas, keep skin dry. Keep linens dry and wrinkle-free. Peripheral circulation may be ineffective or impaired, placing the patient at increased risk for skin breakdown and infection.
Auscultate breath sounds. Rhonchi may indicate accumulation of secretions possibly related to pneumonia or bronchitis. Crackles may results from pulmonary congestion or edema from rapid fluid replacement or heart failure.
Place in semi-Fowler’s position. Facilitates lung expansion; reduces risk of aspiration.
Reposition and encourage coughing or deep breathing if patient is alert and cooperative. Otherwise, suction airway using sterile technique as needed. Aids in ventilating all lung areas and mobilizing secretions. Prevents stasis of secretions with increased risk of infection.
Provide tissues and trash bag in a convenient location for sputum and other secretions. Instruct patient in proper handling of secretions. To minimizes spread of infection.
Encourage and assist with oral hygiene. Reduces risk of oral/gum disease.
Encourage adequate dietary and fluid intake (approximately 3000 mL/day if not contraindicated by cardiac or renal dysfunction), including 8 oz of cranberry juice per day as appropriate. Decreases susceptibility to infection. Increased urinary flow prevents stasis and aids in maintaining urine pH/acidity, reducing bacteria growth and flushing organisms out of system. Note: Use of cranberry juice can help prevent bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall, reducing the risk of recurrent UTI.
Administer antibiotics as appropriate. Early treatment may help prevent sepsis.
2. Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception
Nursing Diagnosis
Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception
Risk factors may include
Endogenous chemical alteration: glucose/insulin and/or electrolyte imbalance
Desired Outcomes
Maintain usual level of mentation.
Recognize and compensate for existing sensory impairments.
Nursing Interventions Rationale
Monitor vital signs and mental status. To provide baseline from which to compare abnormal findings.
Call the patient by name, reorient as needed to place, person, and time. Give short explanations, speak slowly and enunciate clearly. Decreases confusion and helps maintain contact with reality.
Schedule and cluster nursing time and interventions. To provide uninterrupted rest periods and promote restful sleep, minimize fatigue and improve cognition.
Keep patient’s routine as consistent as possible. Encourage participation in activities of daily living (ADLs) as able. Helps keep patient in touch with reality and maintain orientation to the environment.
Protect patient from injury by avoiding or limiting the use of restraints as necessary when LOC is impaired. Place bed in low position and pad bed rails if patient is prone to seizures. Disoriented patients are prone to injury, especially at night, and precautions need to be taken as indicated. Seizure precautions need to be taken as appropriate to prevent physical injury, aspiration, and falls.
Evaluate visual acuity as indicated. Retinal edema or detachment, hemorrhage, presence of cataracts or temporary paralysis of extraocular muscles may impair vision, requiring corrective the
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