was used. According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loadings of 3 items did not exceed the minimum loading criterion of 0.50. Thus, 3 items were deleted from the final analysis. The 21- item scale consists of four dimensions: hope, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy. Hope consists of 6 items, resilience consists of 5 items, optimism consists of 4 items and self-efficacy consists of 6 items.