Until a few years ago, little research had approached decision making from either a cultural or a critical vantage point. However, as our discussion of the paradoxes of participation above indicates, work in the last decade has begun to remedy this situation. For example, a volume edited by Conrad (1993) emphasizes the role of individual and organizational values in the decision-making process. In one chapter of this volume, for instance, Bullis (1993b) demonstrates that personal, professional, and organizational values can often conflict with each other and that these ‘’interpenetrating streams of culture’’ (p.99) can have a strong impact on decision making. From a critical stance, Tompkins and Cheney (1985) have argued that when employees make decision based on decision premises endorsed by management, they are, in effect, succumbing to unobtrusive control. Tompkins and Cheney (1985) observe about the decision-making process: