While we have identified important predictors of process outcomes, many questions remain unanswered. These involve both the deeper meanings of some of the variables within the study and
the directionality of effects of others. For example, how do respondents interpret the term “best available science?” What constitutes effective inter-agencycoordination?Does anempoweredteamleader drive the degree of collaboration within an ID team or does a more
collaborative group of ID team members lead to stronger feelings of empowerment of the IDTL? Other questions involve howto apply the results to improving NEPA processes. In particular, how can the agency nurture perceptions of self-efficacy and empowerment,
a genuine concern for the public, and skills in facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration? Our findings coupled with the literature suggest that empowerment can be enhanced through training and
adjustments to organizational structure that enhance feelings of competence, authority, self-determination, and a sense that thework has a real impacton agency decisions and resourcemanagement. This may involve elements of collaborative goal-setting, clear role definition,
limiting turnover on teams, and linking procedural compliance more directly with decision-making (see Stern and Predmore, 2011). Inspiring a genuine concern for the public and facilitation skills may
also be addressed through training and agency guidance.We urge the Forest Service and other federal land management agencies to consider thesefindings in designing future training for those involved in NEPA processes. We also urge future research to consider these unanswered questions and to pursue additional measures of process outcomes across project types and across varying contexts.
While we have identified important predictors of process outcomes, many questions remain unanswered. These involve both the deeper meanings of some of the variables within the study and
the directionality of effects of others. For example, how do respondents interpret the term “best available science?” What constitutes effective inter-agencycoordination?Does anempoweredteamleader drive the degree of collaboration within an ID team or does a more
collaborative group of ID team members lead to stronger feelings of empowerment of the IDTL? Other questions involve howto apply the results to improving NEPA processes. In particular, how can the agency nurture perceptions of self-efficacy and empowerment,
a genuine concern for the public, and skills in facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration? Our findings coupled with the literature suggest that empowerment can be enhanced through training and
adjustments to organizational structure that enhance feelings of competence, authority, self-determination, and a sense that thework has a real impacton agency decisions and resourcemanagement. This may involve elements of collaborative goal-setting, clear role definition,
limiting turnover on teams, and linking procedural compliance more directly with decision-making (see Stern and Predmore, 2011). Inspiring a genuine concern for the public and facilitation skills may
also be addressed through training and agency guidance.We urge the Forest Service and other federal land management agencies to consider thesefindings in designing future training for those involved in NEPA processes. We also urge future research to consider these unanswered questions and to pursue additional measures of process outcomes across project types and across varying contexts.
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