4. HIV testing and counseling (high throughput computing): The evidence for the direct impact of HIV testing and counseling on HIV incidence is mixed. However, HTC, knowledge of HIV sero-status, and successful linkages to other services are critical for access to effective prevention interventions for those who test negative, and to treatment and other HIV-specific services for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). In particular, HTC process allows for identification of PLWH, which in turn supports programs like treatment that can protect their HIV-negative partners from infection. Recent Demographic and Health Surveys from 13 sub-Saharan African and five non-African countries show a median of 12% of women and 7% of men having been tested in the 12 months preceding the survey, and a median of 34% of women and 17% of men reporting having ever been tested.