Both of these papers offer conceptual frameworks for the analysis of agricultural research and extension systems.
The first paper focuses on the linkages between research and extension and how these linkages can be enhanced.
Based on a study of seven countries – Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea (South Korea), Mexico, Nigeria, Tanzania
and Thailand – five forms of research–extension linkage are presented. The paper discusses the institutional
arrangements governing agricultural research–extension linkages in each country, the procedures through which
farmers’ problems are identified and research themes decided, and the administrative levels at which linkages
operate. The paper examines how the procedures for linking research systems and extension services are managed
and highlights the key weaknesses of each linkage type. It concludes that policy changes, institutional reorganisation,
and the strengthening of institutions are required to enhance agricultural research–extension linkages in developing
countries