Compared to nucleic acid detection, which has to go through
cell lysis, nucleic acid purification, and DNA amplification, protein
detection with immunoassay is relatively simpler and faster. For
this reason, all of the lateral-flow assays for protein biomarker
detection are based on immunoassay. Due to the widespread use
of immunoassay, there have been massive research reports on
immunoassay-based lab-on-a-chip systems [27–32]. Among the