Novice teachers should understand the basic principles of cognitive and motivational theory that explain why self-assessment works to improve learning(Research findings about the effects of evaluation on students’ motivation are taken up in the next section). Teachers should also know some simple strategies for including self-assessment and peer-assessment as a normal part of classroom instruction. For example, “author’s chair” is a literacy practice where students learn explicitly the norms for listening and giving feedback to classmates about a piece of writing (Routman, 2000). Conferencing with students can also be a means to see if they are developing the ability to self-evaluate. Both the Klenowski and White and Frederiksen studies noted earlier involved a self-assessment step that became a part of normal instruction. Importantly, the purpose of engaging students in self-assessment is not give a grade but to gain insight that can be used to further learning.