The TiO2 film coated on FTO glass was heated at 450 C for 30 min in a tubular furnace [18]. After cooling TiO2 thin film at 80 C, the film was soaked in dye solutions for 24 h at room temperature for the dye to adsorb properly on the TiO2 surface and to avoid the rehydration of TiO2 film. After being rinsed with ethanol, the photo anode was placed on top of the counter electrode and tightly clipped together to form a cell. An electrolyte was then injected into the space between two electrodes. The electrolyte is composed of 0.5 M lithium iodide (LiI), 0.05 M iodine (I2), and 0.5 M 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) dissolved in 2-methoxypropionitrile.The standard cell using cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,20-bipyridyl- 4,40-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II) (N3 dye) as the sensitizer was fabricated similarly for comparison with the DSSCs fabricated
with the extracts of fruits of ivy gourd and flowers of red frangipani.