Objectives: We estimated the trends in urine cadmium concentrations in U.S. adults using data
from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 1988 to 2008. We
also evaluated the impact of changes in the distribution of available cadmium determinants (age,
sex, race, education, body mass index, smoking, and occupation) at the population level to explain
cadmium trends.