From the literature review it is apparent that BF-MBR systems have not been tested for marine aquaculture application, though some work has previously been conducted to test the potential of integrating AS-MBR systems in marine RAS. However, this is not a fully established and commercialized practice to date. An AS-MBR in freshwater RAS was investigated in 2002 by Viadero and Nobletfor removal of fine solids. They suggest membrane filtration for niche applications such as larval fish culture. A study by Pulefou showed that using an AS-MBR treatment system in RAS created an effluent with turbidity of less than 0.5 NTU. A study by Sharrer and Summerfelt showed that the AS-MBR performed exceptionally well during operation, with nearly complete removal of cBOD5, TSS and bacteria, and a biological treatment of nitrogen through nitrification/ denitrification indicated consistent removal of total nitrogen. In a subsequent study permeate flow was found suited to be reclaimed in fish cultures to recycle alkalinity, salts, heat and water under biosecure conditions