Preparedness (PR): It refers to the fact that the system actively anticipates the problems of
human performance in human–machine systems and prepares to deal with them (Hollnagel et
al., 2007).
• Redundancy (RD): This principal could have different definitions from different
perspectives. From engineering perspective, it implies that, in a manufacturing system, there
should exist a copy of essentials part and basic equipment to improve the reliability of system
(Frangopol and Curley, 1987; Kalungi and Tanyimboh, 2003).
Accidents usually lead to increased cost and injury on one hand and loss of employees’
satisfaction and company’s reputation and productivity on the other hand. These accidents are
global phenomena and occur at any time and place. Accidents in petrochemical plants lead to
dangerous consequences. In high risk environments such as petrochemical plants, the concept of
RE can lead to increased level of reliability and safety. Hence, evaluating and improving the
structure of HSEE management by RE are of great importance. Effective responding to
challenges and disruptions is one of the significant features in a resilience-based system. In this
study, the impacts of RE principles on HSEE are evaluated by a new cognitive approach called
Z-number cognitive map. Using the concept of Z-numbers and RE principles for evaluation and
improvement of HSEE management are the main contributions of this study. We employ the
concept of Z-numbers for taking into consideration the reliability level of the collected data in
our evaluation.