Confirmatory factor analysis
The validity of the constructs was tested using the CFA that
combined all constructs concurrently (Davis and Lang,
2011). Maximum likelihood estimation was used to fit the
models. Maximum likelihood estimation is a procedure that
improves parameter estimates in a way that minimises the
differences between the observed and estimated covariance
matrices (Pampel, 2000). Construct refinement was enabled
by an analysis of covariance residuals and modification
indices, and exclusion of items until the goodness-of-fit
was achieved.