Abstract
Oral biofilms are some of the most complex and
diverse ecosystems developed by successive colonization of
more than 600 bacterial taxa.
Development starts with the
attachment of early colonizers such as Actinomyces species
and oral streptococci on the acquired pellicle and tooth enamel.
These bacteria not only adhere to the tooth’s surface, but
also interact with each other and lay foundation for attachment
of bridging colonizers such as Fusobacterium nucleatum
followed by late colonizers including the red complex species
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema
denticola, the founders of periodontal disease.
As the biofilm progresses from supragingival sites to subgingival
sites, the environment changes fromaerobic to anaerobic, thus
favoring the growth of mainly Gram-negative obligate anaerobes
while restricting the growth of the early Gram-positive
facultative aerobes.
Microbes present at the supragingival
level are mainly related to gingivitis and root caries, whereas
subgingival species advance the destruction of teeth
supporting tissues, and thus cause periodontitis. This review
summarizes our present understanding and recent developments
on the characteristic features of supra- and subgingival
biofilms, interaction between different genera and species of
bacteria constituting these biofilms, and draws our attention to
the role of some of the recently discovered members of the
oral community.
Abstract Oral biofilms are some of the most complex anddiverse ecosystems developed by successive colonization ofmore than 600 bacterial taxa. Development starts with theattachment of early colonizers such as Actinomyces speciesand oral streptococci on the acquired pellicle and tooth enamel.These bacteria not only adhere to the tooth’s surface, butalso interact with each other and lay foundation for attachmentof bridging colonizers such as Fusobacterium nucleatumfollowed by late colonizers including the red complex speciesPorphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponemadenticola, the founders of periodontal disease. As the biofilm progresses from supragingival sites to subgingivalsites, the environment changes fromaerobic to anaerobic, thusfavoring the growth of mainly Gram-negative obligate anaerobeswhile restricting the growth of the early Gram-positivefacultative aerobes. Microbes present at the supragingivallevel are mainly related to gingivitis and root caries, whereassubgingival species advance the destruction of teethsupporting tissues, and thus cause periodontitis. This reviewsummarizes our present understanding and recent developmentson the characteristic features of supra- and subgingivalbiofilms, interaction between different genera and species ofbacteria constituting these biofilms, and draws our attention tothe role of some of the recently discovered members of theoral community.
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