2.3. Texture profile analysis (TPA)
After cooking (90e95 C) and cooling to room temperature (22 C), three whole chicken balls of 5.5 mm diameter and 2.5 cm height were subjected to texture profile analysis using the texture analyzer AGS-J 500N (Shimadzu, Japan) as described by Bourne (2002). The chicken ball was placed on the platform of the texture analyzer. A cylinder plunger of 6 mm diameter was attached to a 50 kg load cell and the sample was compressed to 75% of its original height at a cross head speed of 60 mm/min, twice in two cycles. The following parameters were employed:
Hardness (N): breaking force of the product at the first loading cycle in texture profile analysis,
Cohesiveness: the ratio of storage work to total work in the second loading cycle in texture profile analysis. Elasticity (mm): the ratio of storage deformation to total defor-mation in the second loading cycle in texture profile analysis. Chewiness (N mm): hardness cohesiveness elasticity.