For example, in North Dakota, a report to the state health department was considered to be confidential information. The information ‘‘may not be disclosed, shared with any agency or institution, or made public, upon subpoena, search warrant, discovery proceedings, or otherwise.’’ The statute goes on to indicate the following exceptions: (1) for statistical purposes if the disclosure is made in such a manner that no individual can be identified; (2) for enforcement of the reportable conditions statute and for treatment, control, and investigation of HIV infection; or (3) for disclosure to medical personnel to the extent necessary to protect the health or life of any individual. In Washington, disclosures were permitted to federal, state, or local public health authorities when needed to protect the public’s health.31 Arkansas had a unique statute that allowed state, county, or local health officers to disclose communicable disease information if the disclosure was