Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio
(WHtR). Weight was measured using a digital scale (measurement accuracy of100 g), with
subjects dressed in minimal clothing and barefoot. To measure height, the subject was to stand
“at attention,” arms at sides, heels joined, without shoes. Following World Health Organization
recommendations, BMI was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by the square ofthe height
(m2). Underweight was defined as BMI 0.5 was used, as recommended for Causasian, Asian and African populations [44–46]