3. Proposed topics for future research
From a general point of view, an important question is whether
we can develop e from a reverse engineering perspective e a cereal
sector that is more respectful of the health potential of cereals and
their derivatives.
3.1. Locks and levers
There are locks at different stages of the grain-product chain
(Fig. 1). At the agronomic level, the pesticide contamination of the
outer layers of grain that results from conventional agricultural
practice limits the use of whole grains for nutritional purposes
(Hemery et al., 2007). Will the expansion of the least restrictive
type of organic culture provide a long-term solution to this problem?
Is the diversification of cereal species and/or the introduction
of newspecies ( i.e., ancient cereal species and/or cereal species that
are consumed in developing countries) economically viable for
farmers? There is also the difficulty of defining genetic targets (i.e.,
compounds with a clear metabolic precursor/pathway) and the
economic viability of a breeding sector, because improved nutritional
value must be defined in collaboration with nutritionists, the
relative slowness of which may at first seem unattractive to industrialists
who too often have a vision of short-term profits or of
new-product development based on scientific findings that are
mostly focussed on only one protective compound, e.g., enrichment
with exogenous fibre or resistant starch, when a cocktail of compounds
may be health-protective. During the primary transformation
stages, can we more systematically produce less-refined
flours with lower energy costs? How can we optimise the conservation
of the germ fraction either without isolating it from the grain
or after extraction? Can the techniques for isolating the aleurone
layer of wheat be generalised? What are their energy costs?
Regarding the secondary transformation stages, how can lessrefined
grain products that contain less salt, sugar and fat be produced?
Downstream of the cereal production sector, are consumers
prepared tomove toward increasing their intake of less refined and
less sugary, salty and fatty cereals?
3. Proposed topics for future research
From a general point of view, an important question is whether
we can develop e from a reverse engineering perspective e a cereal
sector that is more respectful of the health potential of cereals and
their derivatives.
3.1. Locks and levers
There are locks at different stages of the grain-product chain
(Fig. 1). At the agronomic level, the pesticide contamination of the
outer layers of grain that results from conventional agricultural
practice limits the use of whole grains for nutritional purposes
(Hemery et al., 2007). Will the expansion of the least restrictive
type of organic culture provide a long-term solution to this problem?
Is the diversification of cereal species and/or the introduction
of newspecies ( i.e., ancient cereal species and/or cereal species that
are consumed in developing countries) economically viable for
farmers? There is also the difficulty of defining genetic targets (i.e.,
compounds with a clear metabolic precursor/pathway) and the
economic viability of a breeding sector, because improved nutritional
value must be defined in collaboration with nutritionists, the
relative slowness of which may at first seem unattractive to industrialists
who too often have a vision of short-term profits or of
new-product development based on scientific findings that are
mostly focussed on only one protective compound, e.g., enrichment
with exogenous fibre or resistant starch, when a cocktail of compounds
may be health-protective. During the primary transformation
stages, can we more systematically produce less-refined
flours with lower energy costs? How can we optimise the conservation
of the germ fraction either without isolating it from the grain
or after extraction? Can the techniques for isolating the aleurone
layer of wheat be generalised? What are their energy costs?
Regarding the secondary transformation stages, how can lessrefined
grain products that contain less salt, sugar and fat be produced?
Downstream of the cereal production sector, are consumers
prepared tomove toward increasing their intake of less refined and
less sugary, salty and fatty cereals?
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