Transient proteinuria
- Emotional stress.
- Exercise.
- Fever.
- Urinary tract infection.
- Orthostatic (postural) proteinuria*.
- Seizures.
- Persistent proteinuria.
Primary glomerular causes
- Focal segmental glomerulonephritis.
- IgA nephropathy (i.e. Berger's disease).
- IgM nephropathy.
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
- Membranous nephropathy.
- Minimal change disease.
Secondary glomerular causes
- Alport's syndrome.
- Amyloidosis.
- Sarcoidosis.
- Drugs (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), penicillamine,
gold, angiotensi-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors).
- Anderson-Fabry disease.
- Sickle cell disease.
- Malignancies (e.g. lymphoma, solid tumours).
- Infections (e.g. HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, post-streptococcal infection).
Tubular causes
- Aminoaciduria.
- Drugs (e.g. NSAIDs, antibiotics).
- Fanconi's syndrome.
- Heavy metal ingestion.
Overflow causes
- Haemoglobinuria.
- Multiple myeloma.
- Myoglobinuria.
Other important causes (likely to have multiple pathologies)
- Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.