Of the 140 children, 122 (87%) were successful at retrieving the token within 3 min. Of these, 60
used the arrow tool and 54 used the rake tool (see below for the other 8), indicating no bias toward
either tool (p = .64, binomial test). Children who saw a demonstration were significantly more likely to
obtain the token than children who did not (p < .001, Fisher’s exact test [FET]); fully 116 of 120 children
from experimental conditions were successful, whereas 6 of 20 no-demonstration children were
successful. From the no-demonstration condition, 1 child used the arrow tool paired with the adult
model for five response trials, and the other 5 children put their hand in the front opening and pulled
the token out. Thus, they did not use a tool. Only 3 (2.5%) of the other 116 successful children in
demonstration conditions initially used their hands rather than a tool to obtain the token; thus, they
were significantly less likely to use their hands on the first trial (p < .001, FET). These 3 children
also used demonstrated tool methods in their other response trials. No children from the
no-demonstration condition spontaneously produced one of the two irrelevant actions. Because the
no-demonstration group had only 1 child who was successful with a tool, this group was removed
from subsequent analysis, as were the four unsuccessful children. The 3 children who were successful
with hands were excluded from first trial analysis.