Top-Down. In the top-down approach, thinfilms or
bulk materials are scaled down to create nanodevices. this
can be done by using various techniques such as precision
engineering and lithography and has been developed and
refined by the semiconductor industry over the past 30 years.
Indeed, the never-ending race towards miniaturization of
devices (mobile, camera, etc.) induced an intense research in
the manufacturing processes of the basic components of these
devices. Subtractive and additive transfers lead to di-erent
nanoarchitectured materials.