Mubarak, was coming under growing domestic pressure from an unusually broad opposition coalition known as Kifaya (meaning “enough”— which succinctly summed up the country’s mood), as well as from U.S. president George W. Bush, who was also pushing for more open and competitive presidential and legislative elections. Reluctantly, Mubarak agreed to allow a contested presidential election and then more transparent legislative elections in 2005. But the presidential “contest” was still grossly unfair, and within three months of the vote (which official figures claim was won by the incumbent with 88.6 percent) Mubarak’s opponent, Ayman Nour, was sentenced to five years in prison. By then, the regime had also intervened in the second and third rounds of the parliamentary elections to undermine independent administration of the vote, neutralize civil society monitors, and halt the tempo of opposition victories by Muslim Brotherhood candidates running as de jure “independents.” Not long thereafter, the ruling party embarked on a campaign of constitutional “reform” to ensure against any political “accidents” in the future, while a demoralized and divided opposition, weakened by arrests and intimidation, watched helplessly with little in the way of concrete support from the Bush administration. The institutional maneuver was part of a general Arab pattern of “managed reform,” in which Arab autocracies adopt the language of political reform in order to avoid the reality, or embrace limited economic and social reforms to pursue modernization without democratization.