separation performance was improved significantly than that of the PVDF membranes. Besides, fouling
mechanism was studied and it could be found that external fouling was the main cause of flux decline.
Moreover, flux recovery of the fouled PVDF–PVP membranes after cleaned using 3 wt.% NaOH aqueous
solution exceeded 90% and was much superior to that of the fouled PVDF membranes.