Explant sterilization
Young shoots with no leaves were cleaned with bleach (1 % v/v, Sunlight, Unilever Vietnam, HCMC, Vietnam) and rinsed under tap water for 2–3 h. After that, the shoots were immersed in streptomycin (1 mg ml-1) for 30 min and then washed with 70 % ethanol for 30 s. Then they were soaked with sterilized water three times. Finally, the shoots were sterilized with 0.1 % HgCl2 for 6 min and rinsed with sterilized water four or five times.
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