Tool Process Social transformation
Epistemology Realist Constructivist Constructivist
Goal of
research
Effectiveness Understanding Awareness
Metaphor of
organizations
Rational system Sensemaking system Political system
Change Planned Emergent Emergent
Communication Tool for transmission Interpretation Constitutive
Management Managing change Managing understanding Managing change
through
communication
Illustrative
literature
DiFonzo and Bordia (1998)
and Daly et al. (2003)
Ford and Ford (1995) and
Stensaker and Falkenberg
(2007)
Anderson (2005) and
Francis (2007)