The ability for pumps to operate efficiently in reverse as turbines
was first established by Thoma [1] in 1931 while mapping the full
operating characteristic of a centrifugal pump. In recent decades
there has been renewed interest in pump-as-turbine (PAT) technology
which has found significant use in remote area power
supply installations, both on- and off-grid, as well as industrial
application in energy recovery systems where a high pressure
water source exists that would otherwise require throttling.
In such instances, within the range designated micro-hydro
power (