In a petrochemical plant located in Iran, Azadeh and Salehi (2014) presented a framework
named integrated resilience engineering (IRE). They employed a DEA model to calculate the
efficiency of operators and managers. They analyzed the gaps between managers and operators
according to the IRE framework. The results showed that their framework can improve the
efficiency of managers and operators and the efficiency gap between them in complex systems.
In the recent years, different studies have been conducted to cover the impacts and importance of
RE in petrochemical plants. Azadeh et al. (2014b) introduced a new concept of RE (known as integrated
resilience engineering or IRE) and evaluated the efficiency of IRE as well as RE in a petrochemical plant
by considering the obtained data from questionnaires and data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach.