Toyota has expanded cautiously in Europe. Its investment policy has been step by step, and it has sought to make early returns. Key to Toyota Production System (TPS) are process and quality disciplines through JIT and jidoka. Toyota’s philosophy is more people-oriented: shop floor people are heavily involved in improvement activities as well as in production work. Toyota’s body shop has maybe one-third the number of press shop robots as Ford, and tends to use simple multi-welders at low initial cost. It is relatively easy to swap suppliers. Tooling must be changed when production is changed between one batch and another, but people are trained to go for fast setups and to improve the process. The layout is designed around people and volume flexibility.