were kept with their own sows and allowed to suckle
as normal. Piglets within the CoD group were isolated
from the sows and kept in plastic containers under temperature
control by brooders. They were bottle-fed commercial
formula milk for humans (Meiji Hohoemi®;
Meiji, Tokyo, Japan) every 3 h during the first 24 h of
life. The use of human formula milk was because no colostrum
replacer for pigs was available and there were a
possibility that milk replacer for piglets contained porcine
immunoglobulins derived from plasma protein.