For the less educated and poor people, the goal of being participants
is mainly to get a plot on Perum Perhutani's land. By doing
so, they will have an additional land to be planted with agricultural
crops and plantations to meet their basic needs. However, they are
not so motivated to contribute their time and energy to engage in
community forest activities organized by Perum Perhutani. In many
cases, farmers consider that further involvement and more active
participation in the program can be costly since they need to do
additional voluntary works, which do not directly contribute to
their cash income (Pinyopusarerk et al., 2014). In reality, the logic
introduced by Pinyopusarerk et al. (2014) can be applied to explain
why income becomes insignificant in the third step regression.
Being managerial in the program participation may be costly due to
energy and time when it does not necessarily guarantee an increase
in income. As a consequence, they may be dissatisfied with the
PHBM program from an economic viewpoint. If farmers emphasize
the direct benefits of income, it is very difficult for them to
voluntarily get more involved in the program. Therefore, we
conjecture that those who become managerial participants may
have some other motivations such as concerns for forest
conservation