Using the insomnia symptom definition described earlier, 9.4% of our sample was labeled as PWIS and 58.2% as PWOIS. We excluded individuals from subsequent analyses if they had (a) a complaint of chronic insomnia, but not the insomnia sleep pattern (13.4%); (b) no complaint of chronic insomnia, but had the insomnia sleep pattern (12.9%); or (c) had another sleep disorders (6.2%), such as sleep apnea or periodic limb movements.