How have these alternative forms of behavior evolved and how are they adative? Are complex forms of social behavior learned or do they have some genetic basis? Are there principles of animal behavior that can be generally applied, perhaps even to humans? Such questions intrigued the Dutch biologist Niko Tinbergen, and he devoted his career to answering them. Together with Konrad Lorenz, he developed the new field of ethology to study the biological basis of behavior. For their pioneering studies of animal behavior, Tinbergen, Lorenz, and another ethologist, Karl von Frisch, were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1973.