France was more slowly and less compleletely industrialized. Its traditions of hand-work and luxury manufacture had become solidly entrenched before the political revolution of 1789. Its system of small-scale agriculture had been reinforced by that revolution. It had lost both colonies and markets during the long wars. It lacked adequate supplies of coking coal, and much of its iron ore had too much phosphorus in it to be useful before the development of the Thomas-Gilchrist