professional development; maintaining high visibility; providing incentives for teachers; and providing
incentives for learning. Through enactment of these functions, successful principals create an
‘academic press’ and a culture that fosters and rewards continuous learning and improvement.
This conceptual model and the PIMRS (Hallinger, 1982) measurement tool were widely applied
in empirical studies of instructional leadership over the next three decades (Hallinger, 2011a). The
PIMRS has been used in at least 22 different countries and more than 175 completed studies (Hallinger,
2011a). In the current study, the researchers employed secondary data gathered in three
studies of instructional leadership in Thailand that had employed the PIMRS. We will discuss these
studies in the following section.