Wang & Watanabe (2012) emphasized the focus of cognitive system engineering (CSE) as the fact of ‘how
human can cope with mastering the complexity of processes and technological environment’. They pointed out that
many ES did not deliver a detail view of this matter as it only looks inside and outside the system without going
deeper into the aspect of CSE. Thus, they proposed a framework to use CSE to improve control in ES based on
structural modeling of cognitive systems.