Consumer questionnaire for end-of-life NiCd batteries
Another questionnaire survey was carried out by utilizing the Internet. This survey focused on the NiCd battery as a typical HHW. The scheme of study is shown in Table 6. The
preparatory survey mentioned in the table was an investiga- tion to select people for the detailed survey.
Life-cycle flow analysis of Cd
Focusing on products containing Cd in Japan, we analyzed the annual life-cycle flow and stock of Cd between 2001 and 2006. Material flow research of cadmium in Japan has been published by Clean Japan Center as an estimate of the cadmium flow for 1997,9 and Japan Oil, Gas, and Metals National Corporation conducts research10 every year. However, these studies take into account only the material flow of cadmium related to an intermediate product, i.e., the NiCd batteries that are built into final products. In this analysis, we include not only products with built-in NiCd batteries but also end-of-life products, the imports to Japan, and the exports from Japan. The life cycle of products was divided into five stages: 1. raw material, 2. intermediate products (batteries), 3. final products (products with built-in NiCd battery), 4. end-of- life products, and 5. recycling or final disposal. Factors of input, output, and stock for the main products at each stage were estimated on the basis of available data11–16 or estimates.
For final products, we analyzed the Cd flow of products with built-in NiCd batteries using the factors shown in Table 6. The results of the questionnaire survey for the distribu- tion rate (Fig. 6) were used for the flow shift of used products.
Most data were obtained from publicized statistics by using a data search system or the Internet. We also per- formed interviews to double-check the accuracy and reli- ability of our data. Even so, further verification and refinement of flow and emission values would be desirable in future research.
Consumer questionnaire for end-of-life NiCd batteriesAnother questionnaire survey was carried out by utilizing the Internet. This survey focused on the NiCd battery as a typical HHW. The scheme of study is shown in Table 6. Thepreparatory survey mentioned in the table was an investiga- tion to select people for the detailed survey.Life-cycle flow analysis of CdFocusing on products containing Cd in Japan, we analyzed the annual life-cycle flow and stock of Cd between 2001 and 2006. Material flow research of cadmium in Japan has been published by Clean Japan Center as an estimate of the cadmium flow for 1997,9 and Japan Oil, Gas, and Metals National Corporation conducts research10 every year. However, these studies take into account only the material flow of cadmium related to an intermediate product, i.e., the NiCd batteries that are built into final products. In this analysis, we include not only products with built-in NiCd batteries but also end-of-life products, the imports to Japan, and the exports from Japan. The life cycle of products was divided into five stages: 1. raw material, 2. intermediate products (batteries), 3. final products (products with built-in NiCd battery), 4. end-of- life products, and 5. recycling or final disposal. Factors of input, output, and stock for the main products at each stage were estimated on the basis of available data11–16 or estimates.For final products, we analyzed the Cd flow of products with built-in NiCd batteries using the factors shown in Table 6. The results of the questionnaire survey for the distribu- tion rate (Fig. 6) were used for the flow shift of used products.Most data were obtained from publicized statistics by using a data search system or the Internet. We also per- formed interviews to double-check the accuracy and reli- ability of our data. Even so, further verification and refinement of flow and emission values would be desirable in future research.
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